In metallurgy, a ladle is a barrel or vessel used for transporting and pouring molten metal. Ladles are commonly used in foundries and range in size from small, hand-held containers resembling kitchen ladles and holding 20 kg (44 lb) to large ladles weighing up to 300 tons (295 l
Ladles can be of "lip pour" design, "teapot spout" design, "lip shaft design" or "bottom pour" design:• For lip pour designs, the ladle is tilted and the molten metal is poured from the ladle like water from a pitcher.• Teapot spout design, like a teapot, draws liquid from the bo
A stacker is a large machine used for bulk material handling. Its function is to stack bulk materials such as limestone, ore, coal and grain on the stack. A recycling machine can be used to recycle materials.Gold mining dredgers in Alaska have a stacker which is a fixed part of the dredger. It trans
Bucket wheel reclaimers use "bucket wheels" to remove material from the piles they recycle. A scraper reclaimer uses a series of scrapers on a chain to reclaim material.There are many types of reclaimer structures, including portal and bridge. Reclaimers are named according to their type, eg "bridge
Induction heating is the process of heating a conductive material (i.e. metal or semiconductor) by electromagnetic induction, by transferring heat through an induction coil, within which an electromagnetic field is generated to heat and possibly melt steel, copper, brass, graphite, gold, silver, alu
CookingIn induction cooking, induction coils inside the cooktop heat the iron base of the cookware through magnetic induction. Using an induction hob is safe, efficient (the hob itself does not heat) and speed. Non-ferrous metal pots such as copper bottom pots and aluminum pots are generally not sui
A clothes dryer, also known as a tumble dryer or simply a dryer, is a powered household appliance that is used to remove moisture from clothing, bedding, and other textiles, usually after being washed in a washing machine.Many clothes dryers consist of a rotating drum called a "tumbler" through whic
Spin dryersThese centrifuges simply spin the drum much faster than a typical washing machine to extract more water from the load. They can remove more moisture in two minutes than a heated tumble dryer can in twenty minutes, saving a lot of time and energy. While spinning alone doesn't completely dr
Air separation plants separate atmospheric air into its main components, usually nitrogen and oxygen, and sometimes argon and other rare and inert gases.The most common method of air separation is fractional distillation. Cryogenic Air Separation Units (ASUs) are used to supply nitrogen or oxygen an
Pressure swing adsorption separates oxygen or nitrogen from air without liquefaction. The process operates at ambient temperature; the zeolite (molecular sponge) is exposed to high-pressure air, which then releases the air and releases an adsorbed film of the desired gas. Compressors are greatly red
Rotary calciners provide efficient high temperature processing and high heat transfer rates for bulk solid materials.Used to heat fine and dusty, oxidation-sensitive, flammable, explosive, potentially polluting or heat-sensitive materials, the rotary calciner isolates the material to be processed in
Calcination is the thermal treatment of solid compounds, such as mixed carbonate ores, whereby the compound is raised to high temperatures without melting with a limited supply of ambient oxygen (i.e. the gaseous O2 portion of the air), usually to remove impurities or volatile substances and/or caus
A plate rolling machine is a machine that rolls different kinds of metal sheets into circular or conical shapes. It can also be called "bending machine", "plate rolling machine" or "plate rolling machine".There are different techniques for rolling sheet metal:• Four-roll machines have a top roll, pi
Combining steam turbines is a method of extracting steam energy in multiple stages rather than in a single stage of steam turbines. Compound turbines have multiple stages, with more than one set of nozzles and rotors. They are arranged in series and are either keyed to a common shaft or fixed to the
A rotary kiln is a high-temperature processing device used to heat materials to high temperatures (calcination) in a continuous process. Materials produced using rotary kilns include:• cement• lime• Refractory materials• Metakaolin• Titanium dioxide• Alumina• Vermiculit
A tire, sometimes called a ring, usually consists of a single annular steel casting, machined to a smooth cylindrical surface, loosely attached to the kiln shell by various "chair" arrangements. These all required some clever design, as the tire had to fit snugly against the casing, but also allow t
Ring rolling is a special type of hot rolling that increases the diameter of the ring. The starting material is a thick-walled ring. This workpiece is placed between two rollers, an inner idler and a driven roller, pressing the ring from the outside. As rolling occurs, the wall thickness decreases w
Rolling mill designs come in different types of configurations, the most basic being the twin roll non-reversible, meaning that there are two rolls that can only turn in one direction. The rolls of a two-roll reversing mill can rotate in both directions, but the disadvantage is that the rolls must b
Surface condensers are water-cooled shell-and-tube heat exchangers used to condense waste steam from steam turbines in thermal power stations. [1][2][3] These condensers are heat exchangers that convert vapor from a gaseous state to a liquid state at subatmospheric pressure. Where the supply of cool
The adjacent diagram depicts a typical water-cooled surface condenser used in power stations to condense exhaust steam from steam turbines driving electrical generators, among other applications. [2][3][4][5] There are many variations in manufacturing designs depending on the manufacturer, size of t