Calcination is the thermal treatment of solid compounds, such as mixed carbonate ores, whereby the compound is raised to high temperatures without melting with a limited supply of ambient oxygen (i.e. the gaseous O2 portion of the air), usually to remove impurities or volatile substances and/or caus

The adjacent diagram depicts a typical water-cooled surface condenser used in power stations to condense exhaust steam from steam turbines driving electrical generators, among other applications. [2][3][4][5] There are many variations in manufacturing designs depending on the manufacturer, size of t

Surface condensers are water-cooled shell-and-tube heat exchangers used to condense waste steam from steam turbines in thermal power stations. [1][2][3] These condensers are heat exchangers that convert vapor from a gaseous state to a liquid state at subatmospheric pressure. Where the supply of cool